Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Mass Timber Post-Tensioned Shear Walls
Research Team:
Dr. Mariapaola Riggio – Oregon State University (OSU), Department of Wood Science and Engineering
Dr. André R. Barbosa – OSU, School of Civil and Construction Engineering
Dr. Lech Muszynski – OSU, Department of Wood Science and Engineering
Graduate Research Assistants:
Esther J. Baas, E.I.T.
Jacob Gesh
Ryan P. Longman
Design Advisory Group:
Prestressed Timber Limited (PTL), KPFF Consulting Engineers
Research Advisory Group:
D.R. Johnson, Freres Lumber, University of Canterbury
Project Duration:
2019-2023
2019-2023
Facilities:
A.A. “Red” Emmerson Advanced Wood Products Laboratory (OSU), Multi Chamber Modular Environmental Conditioning (MCMEC) at the Green Building Materials Laboratory (OSU)
Abstract
Earthquake engineers are focusing on performance-based design solutions that minimize damage, downtime, and dollars spent on repairs by designing buildings that have no residual drift or “leaning” after an event. The development of timber post-tensioned (PT), self-centering rocking shear walls addresses this high-performance demand. The system works by inserting unbonded steel rods or tendons into timber elements that are prestressed to provide a compressive force on the timber, which will pull the structure back into place after a strong horizontal action. But, because these systems are less than fifteen years old with just four real-world applications, little information is known regarding best practices and optimal methods for engineering design, construction and/or tensioning procedures, and long-term maintenance considerations. This project intends to contribute knowledge by testing both cross-laminated timber (CLT) and mass plywood panel (MPP) walls through testing of anchorage detailing, investigating tensioning procedures for construction, determining the contributions of creep on prestress loss over time, and comparing all laboratory test data to monitoring data from three of the four buildings in which this technology has been implemented, one of which is George W. Peavy Hall at Oregon State University. This will be accomplished by testing small- and full-scale specimens in the A.A. “Red” Emmerson Advanced Wood Products Laboratory, and small-scale specimens in an environmental chamber.
Introduction
Changes introduced to the 2021 International Building Code (IBC) allow for mass timber structures up to 18 stories. This change stresses the need for seismically resilient timber lateral-force resisting systems (LFRS). Even though there has been laboratory testing of post-tensioned (PT), long-term performance data is scarce because the technology is new and installed in relatively few structures to date. Models for laminated-veneer lumber (LVL) and glulam PT frame elements have been proposed but have not been tested or validated with other mass timber elements such as cross-laminated timber (CLT) or mass plywood panel (MPP) shear walls. To verify these models for new mass timber materials, the specific material properties as well as responses to creep and mechano-sorptive deformations must be experimentally determined.
Research Details
Testing will initiate with small-scale static tests investigating optimal bearing and anchorage plate details for the shear walls. The compressive force on the timber is largely concentrated at the place of tensioning, and in real-world applications has shown concerns with compression failure, stress cracking, delamination, and buckling. In concrete applications, steel reinforcement is often used to reduce the possibility of exploding the concrete due to such large forces. This study will investigate the addition of reinforcement at this bearing area for CLT and MPP walls as well as compare new and recommended design of anchorage details. After information is known regarding the bearing details, three specimens of each wall type with optimal anchorage detailing will undergo two tensioning regimes for construction. This will assist in determining if current tensioning procedures are adequate to achieve the engineering-design specific load.
Once it is better understood the best practices for design and construction, small-scale specimens and one control of each wall type will be tested in an environmental chamber to isolate the effects of creep behavior and how it affects the prestress loss in the rods. Lastly, once more information is known regarding creep and prestress loss, two full-scale, three-story CLT and MPP walls will be designed and prestressed according to previous findings and placed in the A.A. “Red” Emmerson lab for one-year to investigate the real-world effects of anchorage detailing, tensioning procedure, and creep.
Results and Resources
Presentations:
Baas E. J., Design Validation of Cross-Laminated Timber Rocking Shear Walls. Poster Presented at the Society of Wood Science and Technology Annual Meeting 2019, October 2019, Yosemite CA.
Riggio M., Innovative Seismic Systems: TallWood Design Institute Mass Timber Meetup Research Series. Thursday, October 1, 2020
Longman R. P. In-plane Creep Behavior of CLT and MPP Panels and its Effects of Tension Losses in Post-tensioned Shear Walls. Poster presented at the International Mass Timber Conference 2020, March 24, 2020, Portland OR.
R. P. Longman, E.J. Baas, M. Riggio, A.R. Barbosa, L. Muszynski. Creep Behavior of CLT and MPP PT Shear Walls. Presented at the 2020 Forest Products Society International Conference, June 22, 2020, Portland OR.
E. Baas, G. Granello, A. R. Barbosa, M. Riggio. Post-Tensioned Timber Wall Buildings; Design & Construction Practice in New Zealand & United States. Presented at the World Conference on Timber Engineering – WCTE2021. Santiago Chile, 9-12 August 2021
R. P. Longman, E.J. Baas, M. Riggio, L. Muszynski, A.R. Barbosa. Numerical modelling of in-plane creep behavior of post-tensioned mass timber wall panels. Presented at the World Conference on Timber Engineering – WCTE2021. Santiago Chile, 9-12 August 2021
R. P. Longman, E.J. Baas, Y. Turkan, M. Riggio. Towards a digital twin for monitoring in-service performance of post-tensioned self-centering cross-laminated timber shear walls. Presented at the i3CE 2021 ASCE International Conference on Computing in Civil Engineering. Orlando, Florida Sep. 12-14, 2021
J. Gesh, E. Baas, R. Longman, M. Riggio, A. Barbosa, L. Muzsynski, G. Granello. Post-Tensioning Losses in Mass Timber Wall Panels. Poster presented at the International Mass Timber Conference 2022, April 12–14, 2022, Portland OR.
Journal Papers:
Longman, R.P., Xu, Y., Sun, Q., Turkan, Y. and Riggio, M., Digital Twin for Monitoring In-Service Performance of Post-Tensioned Self-Centering Cross-Laminated Timber Shear Walls. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 37(2), p.04022055.
Longman, R.P., Baas, E.J., Turkan, Y. and Riggio, M., 2021. Toward a Digital Twin for Monitoring In-Service Performance of Post-Tensioned Self-Centering Cross-Laminated Timber Shear Walls. In Computing in Civil Engineering 2021 (pp. 554-561).
Book Chapter:
Riggio, M., Muszynski, L. (2020). Hygrothermal performance of CLT assemblies: recommendations for design, construction and maintenance. Chapter 6. Cross-Laminated Timber Design: Structural Properties, Standards, and Safety 1st Edition by Mustafa Mahamid. McGraw-Hill Education; 1 edition (March 6, 2020). ISBN-10: 1260117995. ISBN-13: 978-1260117998 Abstracts:
Conference Papers:
Baas, E., Granello, G., Barbosa, A. R., Riggio, M. Post-tensioned timber wall buildings: design & construction practice in New Zealand &United States. In the Proceedings of the World Conference on Timber Engineering, WCTE 2021, Santiago, Chile, August 9-12
Baas, E.J., Riggio M., Barbosa, A.R. (2021). The development of digital twins in the mass-timber building industry: a conceptual framework and case study. In the Proceedings of the Society of Wood Science and Technology 2021 Convention: Flagstaff, Arizona, USA.
R. P. Longman, E.J. Baas, M. Riggio, L. Muszynski, A.R. Barbosa. Numerical modelling of in-plane creep behavior of post-tensioned mass timber wall panels. In the Proceedings of the World Conference on Timber Engineering – WCTE2021. Santiago Chile, 9-12 August 2021
R. P. Longman, E.J. Baas, Y. Turkan, M. Riggio. Towards a digital twin for monitoring in-service performance of post-tensioned self-centering cross-laminated timber shear walls. In the Proceedings of i3CE 2021 ASCE International Conference on Computing in Civil Engineering. Orlando, Florida Sep. 12-14, 2021
Conference Paper in Progress:
Gesh, J., Baas, E., Longman, R., Riggio, M., Barbosa, A. R., Muszynski, L., Granello, G. Effects of variable climate conditions on the behavior of post-tensioned mass timber wall panels. In the Proceedings of the World Conference on Timber Engineering, WCTE 2023, Oslo, Norway, June 19-22
Thesis:
R.P. Longman. In-plane Creep Behavior of Cross-laminated Timber and Mass Plywood Panels:
A Methodology to Evaluate the Long-term Performance of Post-Tensioned Mass Timber Walls MS thesis, December 8, 2021.